Unit 7memory Thinking/languagemr Volkmar's Course Pages

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Unit 7 Memory Thinking/languagemr Volkmar's Course Pages Page

Thinking

Cognition: mental activity associated with processing, understanding , and communicating info
To think about so many things, we group them into concepts: mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people
Prototype: The best representation of a concept. I.e. A dog maybe a good example of the concept of four legged animals
Algorithm: A logical procedure guaranteed to solve a problem. This method is slow but less likely to make mistakes. I.e. unscramble the letters in SOSIA to find the word. An Algorithmic approach would be to try all the possible combinations of letters.
Heuristic: Using “rule-of-thumb” strategies to solve problems and make judgements efficiently. This method is faster but more likely to make mistakes. I.e. Unscramble SOSIA. A Heuristic approach would not try combinations with 2 SS’s together.
Insight: A sudden flash of inspiration and the solution to problem comes to you. This contrasts with strategic problem solving methods.
Confirmation Bias : You tend to look for answers that confirm your own expectations/guesses
Fixation: Inability to look at a problem from a different perspective.
Mental Set: A type of fixation that works on previous solutions that are successful. It is like your mind is set on your mental set
Functional Fixedness: You tend to think of things in their usual functions. I.e. Inability to see that a paperclip could also be used as a hook instead of clipping papers.
Representative Heuristics: The tendency to judge things according to how well they match a prototype. Thinking in terms on well something “represents” another. I.e. if I say a person is strong, muscular, and fast, you might think the person is some sort of athlete because those qualities best represent an athlete. However, the person could very well be a fit professor.
Availability Heuristics: The tendency to base the likelihood of events on how vivid you remembered them. How “available” the instance is in your memory. I.e. If your printer broke down once and took you forever to fix it so that you remember the instance greatly, the next time you advise someone about a printer, you’ll most likely say printers break down easily.
Overconfidence: Overestimating the accuracy of your judgements. Same as being Overconfident.
Framing: The way information is shown or set up. Just like how something is “framed” as in framing of a picture. If the picture is of fruits and the frame looks like an interwoven wooden thread, then the picture looks very natural. If the picture is placed around a frame that is grey and metallic-like, the effect is very different. Just like if I “frame” the statement: there is a 70% chance of winning as opposed to 30% chance of losing.
Belief bias: The tendency to perceive what is conflicting with our beliefs to be illogical.
Belief Perseverance: Tendency for your beliefs to remain or “preserve” even if where you formulated the belief is a wrong source. I.e. if Jim tells you that dogs can run faster than cats and you believe it, then even If you find out that Jim is a mental patient, your belief that dogs are faster than cats still remain.
Artificial Intelligence (AI): Computerized systems that mimic human thinking abilities.
Neural Networks: Computer circuitry that resemble the real “neural networks” of interconnected neurons in the brain

Language

Start studying Unit 7: Memory, Thinking, Problem Solving Creativity, and Language. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Unit 6: Motivation & LearningDay 1: Maslow & Theories of Motivation. For Tonight: Revise & finish First Nations research paper. For Monday: Read Kevin Spaulding article. Start studying AP Psychology Unit 7 Reading Guide: Cognition: Memory, Thinking, Language. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. DavinEt ĸ, ׷ ֮ Powered by Discuz! X3.4 @ 2001-2013 Comsenz Inc.

Language: The combination of gestured, spoken, and/or written words to communicate meaning.
Phoneme: The smallest sound unit. I.e. In fish there are 3 phonemes: f, i, sh
Morpheme: The smallest meaningful unit (this includes pre/suffices). I.e. I, a, dog, -ed, un-, me ~ are all morphemes.
Grammar: Rules in a language that allows us to properly understand it.
Semantics: How we get meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.
Syntax: How to combine words into meaningful sentences.
Babbling Stage: (3-4 months after birth) A stage in speech development where the infant utters sounds unlike the family language.
One-word stage: (1-2 years old) A stage in speech development where the infant speaks single words
Two-word stage: (2 years old) Infants speak in two-word phrases that resemble Telegraphic speech – speech like a “telegram” I.e. Want candy, me play, no eat…etc.
A child can learn any language and will spontaneously invent meaningful words to convey their wishes. However, after age 7, the ability to master a new language greatly declines.
Animals also communicate, whether by means of sound or behavior just as bees dictate the location of nectar with an elaborate dance.
Allen Gardner and Beatrice Gardner, researchers of University of Nevada, successfully taught a chimpanzee to perform sign language as means of communication.

Thinking and Language

Linguistic Benjamin Lee Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity states language determines how we think. This is most evident in polylinguals (speaking 2 or more languages). I.e. Someone who speaks English and Chinese will feel differently depending on which language they are using. English has many words describing personal emotions and Chinese has many words describing inter-personal emotions.
However, Thinking could occur without language. This is evident in pianists and artists where mental images nourish the mind.
Therefore, thinking and language affect each other in an enduring cycle.

Bibliography

Unit 7 memory thinking/languagemr volkmar

front 1	back 1 the mental activities associated with thinking, knowledge, remembering, and communicating
front 2	back 2 a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
front 3	back 3 a mental image of best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototype-typical bird, such as a robin)
front 4	back 4 a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrast with the usually speedier – but also more error-prone – use of heuristics

front 5	back 5 a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
front 6	back 6 a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to the problem; it contrast with strategy-based solutions
front 7	back 7 a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
front 8	back 8 the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

front 9	back 9 a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
front 10	back 10 Download dvd to 3gp converter softwareunbound. judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
front 11	back 11 estimating the likelihood of events based on their ability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
front 12	back 12 the tendency to be more confident than correct – to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Unit 7 Memory Thinking/languagemr Volkmar's Course Pages Free

front 13	back 13 clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
front 14	back 14 an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
front 15	back 15 the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
front 16	back 16 our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate

front 17	back 17 beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
front 18	back 18 the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
front 19	back 19 beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
front 20	back 20 early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs

front 21	back 21 Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
front 22	back 22 mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
front 23	back 23 a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlie specific mental ability and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
front 24	back 24 a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s score.

front 25	back 25 a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation drawings
front 26	back 26
front 27	back 27 the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
front 28	back 28 a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitude and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

front 29	back 29 a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as an average eight year old is said to have a mental age of 8
front 30	back 30 the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet’s original intelligence test.
front 31	back 31 defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronicle age (ca) multiplied by a 100 (thus IQ = ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
front 32	back 32 the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

front 33	back 33 defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
front 34	back 34 the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extreme
front 35	back 35 the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting
front 36	back 36 the extent to which a test measures or predicts what is supposed to.

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front 37	back 37 the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
front 38	back 38 a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to demands of life; varies from mild to profound
front 39	back 39 a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
front 40	back 40 the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

Unit 7 Memory Thinking/languagemr Volkmar's Course Pages Page

front 41	back 41 the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of the population and environmental studied
front 42	back 42 A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype